How to handle power line impedance mismatch in concentrators?

When concentrators perform power line carrier communication, the grid impedance varies drastically with the load (from a few ohms to hundreds of ohms), causing carrier signal reflection and attenuation, affecting communication distance. Addressing impedance mismatch requires wide dynamic range coupling circuits and adaptive techniques. The coupling transformer is designed with multiple taps, switchable via relays or analog switches to match different impedance ranges. An adjustable attenuator (e.g., based on a digital potentiometer) is added to the coupling network to automatically adjust based on signal strength. The carrier chip should be a model with automatic gain control (AGC). Furthermore, an adaptive algorithm is implemented in software to dynamically adjust transmit power and receive sensitivity based on communication success rate. Through the combination of hardware and software, stable communication quality can be maintained within a grid impedance range of 20-500Ω, with a packet loss rate of less than 1%.