How to avoid loops in a hybrid grounding system (PCS) for energy storage systems?

Hybrid grounding systems in PCS combine the advantages of single-point grounding (for low frequencies) and multi-point grounding (for high frequencies), but improper design can easily introduce ground loops. The key to avoiding loops lies in setting up "isolation" or "filtering" between single-point and multi-point areas. Specific methods include:

1. Using ferrite beads or ferrite rings: Connect a high-frequency ferrite bead in series with the connection line between the single-point grounding area and the low-impedance ground plane (chassis). It has very low impedance to low-frequency currents, allowing DC and low-frequency grounding, but presents high impedance to high-frequency noise, preventing the formation of high-frequency ground loops.

2. Using RC networks or small inductors: Achieve similar functionality using resistor-capacitor networks.

3. Clear zoning: Clearly define analog ground, digital ground, and power ground areas on the PCB layout and connect them at designated points using the methods described above. Ensure that all signal lines do not cross different ground zones unless isolation devices are used.