How to avoid co-frequency carrier interference in power line carrier PLCs?

To avoid co-channel interference with PLCs on power line carriers, frequency management and protocol coordination are necessary. During system design, multiple selectable carrier frequencies (e.g., 132kHz, 150kHz, 200kHz) should be reserved. Spectrum detection should be performed upon power-up to select the frequency with the least interference. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol should be used to avoid simultaneous transmission. Directional couplers should be used to reduce the radiation range. Co-channel interference should be identified through software algorithms, automatically switching frequencies or adjusting transmission timing. In actual testing, under multi-module co-channel interference conditions, the system bit error rate should be below 10^-4. Avoiding co-channel interference can increase system capacity and support more nodes.