
The EMC design of orthopedic power systems is similar to that of dental implant machines, but the power output may be higher. Switching noise handling is critical for brushless motor drivers: power MOSFETs with gate resistors are used, and small capacitors may be added for filtering at the output. The driver power supply uses high-current common-mode inductors (e.g., CMZ series) and electrolytic capacitors for filtering. Shielded flexible conduits are used for the power cable connecting the handset. Speed and torque sensors (e.g., Hall effect sensors, encoders) on the control panel use differential transmission and are shielded. The entire metal casing is grounded. The system should have soft-start and overcurrent protection to prevent accidental full-speed start-up due to interference.