
The spacing between power lines and signal lines is based on voltage difference and frequency. For 230VAC/50Hz power lines, the parallel spacing should be greater than 100mm. For DC24V/100kHz switching frequency power lines, the parallel spacing should be greater than 30mm. On the PCB: the spacing between high-voltage lines (>60V) and low-voltage lines should be greater than 2mm. In multilayer boards, power layers and signal layers are isolated using a ground plane. Cable routing: cables of different voltage levels are laid in separate channels. With proper spacing, the coupling capacitance is less than 1pF, meeting the IEC 61000-4-6 conducted immunity test requirements.