Does the lack of TVS diodes on the BMS control board's I/O ports result in insufficient electrostatic discharge immunity?

The lack of transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diodes at I/O ports is a direct cause of insufficient electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity. I/O ports are the primary entry points for ESD events into the onboard circuitry. TVS diodes respond within nanoseconds, clamping ESD pulses to a safe voltage and bypassing large currents to ground, thus protecting sensitive downstream ICs. Without TVS protection, ESD energy will directly impact port pins, potentially causing chip latch-up, permanent damage, or system soft errors such as resets or data errors. Therefore, TVS diodes must be placed at all exposed I/O ports, communication interfaces, buttons, etc., with appropriate clamping voltages and junction capacitances selected based on signal voltage and frequency, and their grounding paths ensured to be extremely short.