
EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) of blood analyzers requires layered processing. The DC-DC module providing high-voltage DC for cell counting must have powerfully filtered inputs and outputs and be housed in a metal shield. The laser module's drive power supply should be independent and low-noise, and the optical path and detector sections should be optically and electrically shielded. All drive circuits for liquid path solenoid valves and diaphragm pumps should have freewheeling diodes connected in parallel across the coils. Preamplifiers for weak cellular electrical or optical signals should have their PCB areas surrounded by a grounded guard ring. The digital and analog grounds of the entire system should be separated and connected at a single point via a ferrite bead.