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ZnO varistors are commonly used electronic components for protecting electronic equipment from excessive voltage effects. Their main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage: The maximum voltage value that the ZnO varistor can withstand under standard working conditions. 2. Rated power: The maximum power value that the ZnO varistor can withstand under standard working conditions. 3. Resistance value: The resistance value of the ZnO varistor, which may vary under different working conditions. 4. Capacitance: The capacitance of the ZnO varistor, usually smaller than that of resistors with equivalent parameters. 5. Response time: The reaction time of the ZnO varistor when encountering overvoltage. When using ZnO varistors, the following points should be noted: 1. Must select ZnO varistors that meet design requirements to ensure their normal operation and protect the stability of the equipment. 2. Select ZnO varistors with correct rated voltage and power to avoid overvoltage and electrical power exceeding device tolerance. 3. During use, avoid applying excessive peak voltage to ZnO varistors to prevent damage to the device. 4. Strictly select and install ZnO varistors according to usage site requirements, avoid excessive vibration or mechanical damage. 5. Safely store and use ZnO varistors to prevent them from encountering mechanical or chemical damage. 6. Do not touch the pins or surface of varistors with hands to avoid electrical hazards or damage to the device.

MOSFET, full name Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, is one of the commonly used power semiconductor devices. Its main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage (VDS): The maximum withstand voltage of the MOSFET. 2. Maximum current (ID): The maximum current capacity of the MOSFET. 3. On-resistance (RDS(on)): The resistance when the MOSFET is switched on. 4. Gate voltage (VGS): The gate voltage of the MOSFET, controlling its conductivity change. 5. Threshold voltage (Vth): The gate voltage at which the MOSFET becomes effective. 6. Symbol temperature coefficient (VT): The degree of change of MOSFET gate voltage with temperature, often used to measure the temperature stability of the device. When using MOSFETs, the following points should be noted: 1. Select MOSFETs with appropriate specifications and parameters to ensure their normal operation and long life. 2. Ensure the operating voltage of the MOSFET does not exceed its rated voltage, and try to avoid overvoltage and overcurrent. 3. Properly cool the MOSFET to reduce its temperature, improving reliability and lifespan. 4. Correctly select and design the drive circuit of the MOSFET to ensure normal turn-on and turn-off. 5. Avoid electrostatic discharge or mechanical damage to the MOSFET, as these factors may cause MOSFET damage or failure. 6. Correct use of MOSFET tools and instruments can help you better detect and maintain MOSFETs, ensuring long-term stability and performance of the device.

GDT gas discharge tubes (Gas Discharge Tube) are electrical protection components used to protect electronic equipment. Their main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage: The operating voltage range of the gas discharge tube. 2. Leakage current: The leakage current of the GDT gas discharge tube under a fixed voltage. 3. Strike voltage: The voltage value at which the GDT gas discharge tube starts to discharge electricity. 4. Holding current: The current value during normal operation of the gas discharge tube. 5. Time to protection current and voltage: The reaction time under the protection current and voltage at which the gas discharge tube can ultimately activate. When using GDT gas discharge tubes, the following points should be noted: 1. The selected GDT gas discharge tube must meet design requirements and not exceed its maximum rated voltage and current. 2. Gas discharge tubes are usually installed at the entrance of the circuit needing protection to provide optimal circuit protection. 3. After the GDT gas discharge tube discharges electricity, its internal capacitor will discharge, forming instantaneous high voltage. Therefore, ground wires and guiding wires should be well maintained, and direct contact should be avoided. 4. Do not arbitrarily change the parameters of the gas discharge tube or perform disassembly and repair to avoid electrical hazards. 5. Correct selection and use of GDT gas discharge tubes can greatly improve the voltage withstand level of electronic products, reduce circuit failures, and extend the service life of electronic products.

The main parameters of TSS thyristors (Transient Voltage Suppressor SCR) include: 1. Maximum peak voltage (VDRM): The maximum periodic repetitive peak voltage that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 2. Maximum controllable current (ITSM): The maximum instantaneous controllable current that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 3. Peak pulse current (IH): The instantaneous pulse current that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 4. Operating temperature range: The temperature range in which the TSS thyristor can operate stably. 5. Trigger current (ITH): The trigger current that needs to be provided to start the conduction of the TSS thyristor controlled thyristor circuit. When using TSS thyristors, the following points should be noted: 1. The TSS thyristor used must meet design requirements and not exceed its maximum rated voltage and current. 2. For the trigger circuit of TSS thyristors, power supply noise and interference must be fully considered. 3. TSS thyristors generate heat during heating, especially when used in high-temperature environments, heat dissipation should be paid more attention. 4. TSS thyristors need to be purchased through formal channels to ensure their quality and reliability. 5. When installing and operating TSS thyristors, relevant safety regulations must be followed.
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ESD protection diodes may fail during use. Common failure modes mainly include the following: 1. Suppression circuit failure: When ESD protection diodes are excessively activated or activated too quickly, it may lead to suppression circuit failure, thus unable to protect the protected components from electrostatic discharge effects. 2. Open circuit: ESD protection diodes may fail due to excessive activation or too rapid activation, leading to an open circuit state, at which point they will have no effect on the protected components. 3. Short circuit: Some ESD protection diodes may short circuit when failing, which will cause unnecessary burden on the protected components. When using ESD protection diodes, the following should be noted: 1. Ensure the usage limits of ESD protection diodes are not exceeded, including maximum voltage, maximum current, and operating temperature. 2. Should be used according to correct pin layout, soldering, and mechanical installation guidelines to ensure stability and reliability. 3. When ESD protection diodes fail, they must be replaced immediately to maintain protective effect.

According to different voltage levels and power sizes, TVS transient suppression diodes can be classified into multiple categories. Here are some common classification methods: 1. According to working voltage level: Can be divided into low voltage (3kV) three categories. 2. According to rated power: Can be divided into low power (30W) three categories. 3. According to package type: Can be divided into different package forms such as SMD, DO-214AB, DO-15, etc. 4. According to trigger voltage: Can be divided into unidirectional and bidirectional, with bidirectional TVS diodes further divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. 5. According to application field: Can be divided into different application scenarios such as consumer electronics, communication, automotive electronics, etc. The above classification methods are only one common classification method; actually, there are other classification methods, such as classification according to operating temperature range, reverse leakage current level, etc. The purpose of classification is to facilitate selection and application of different types of TVS transient suppression diodes to meet different needs.

SPD (Surge Protective Device) electronic lightning protection module is an electronic protective device that can prevent overvoltage/overcurrent damage to electronic equipment. It can effectively protect electronic equipment from lightning strikes, grid overvoltage, static electricity, and electromagnetic interference. General usage methods are as follows: 1. According to the voltage level and usage environment of the equipment, select the corresponding SPD electronic lightning protection module. 2. Install the SPD electronic lightning protection module on the power or signal lines of the electronic equipment, using parallel, series, or mixed connection methods. 3. During installation, pay attention to correct wiring methods and sequence. 4. Test the protection function of the SPD electronic lightning protection module, which can be determined through voltage testing or overcurrent testing. 5. According to equipment service life and usage environment, regularly inspect and maintain the SPD electronic lightning protection module to ensure its normal operation.

TVS transient suppression diodes have the following international package forms:
1. DO-15: Diameter about 3.5mm, length about 9.5mm. 2. DO-214AA: Diameter about 6.6mm, length about 5.5mm. 3. DO-214AB: Diameter about 9.1mm, length about 6.8mm. 4. SMB: Features compact package, convenient installation, widely used in electronic equipment with high space requirements. 5. SMC: Small volume, can achieve high withstand capability and fast response time, commonly used in automotive electronic equipment and other fields. 6. DFN: Compact package, suitable for high-end digital products and micro electronic devices. 7. R-600 axial 8. Do-218AB
Among them, DO-15 is the classic package form of transient suppression diodes, widely used in industrial control, communication equipment, power management, and other fields. Other package forms are mainly developed to adapt to different application scenarios and achieve higher performance requirements.

Common Mode Filter is an electronic filter used to eliminate common mode noise in signals. Typically, common mode noise arises from electromagnetic interference or power supply ripple caused by cables, equipment, power sources, etc. The principle of a common mode filter is to filter out common mode noise in signals using components such as common mode inductors, capacitors, and ceramic filters, thereby allowing differential mode signals to transmit normally. Common mode inductors can act as large inductors, blocking common mode signals while allowing useful signals to pass through small capacitors, achieving high-pass filtering. Ceramic filters utilize resonance principles to filter noise at different frequencies. How to use common mode filters: 1. They are commonly used in data lines, communication lines, power lines, etc., to filter out common mode interference. 2. In circuit board design, common mode filters can be directly installed at device ports or signal input ports. 3. It is important to consider parameters such as rated voltage, rated current, and frequency of the common mode filter to ensure proper operation. 4. During use, regular inspection and maintenance of the common mode filter are necessary to ensure effective elimination of common mode interference. In summary, common mode filters can effectively filter out common mode interference in signals, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio and anti-interference capability of the system. They are widely used in electronic devices, communication equipment, power supply equipment, and other fields.