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The main parameters of Zener diodes include rated reverse operating voltage (Vz), maximum Zener current (Izmax), maximum power dissipation (Pmax), temperature coefficient (TC), reverse leakage current (Ir), etc. Among them, rated reverse operating voltage refers to the voltage magnitude of the Zener diode during operation; maximum Zener current refers to the current limit at which the Zener diode can operate stably; maximum power dissipation refers to the maximum power the Zener diode can withstand; temperature coefficient refers to the effect of temperature changes on the operating voltage change of the Zener diode; reverse leakage current refers to the magnitude of the reverse current of the Zener diode. When using Zener diodes, the following should be noted: First, when using, appropriate Zener diodes should be selected according to the required voltage value and maximum Zener current; second, during power use, exceeding the maximum Zener current should be avoided to prevent overheating and damage of the Zener diode; third, because Zener diodes have a large temperature coefficient, the effect of temperature changes on their operating voltage should be avoided as much as possible; finally, when using, pay attention to the connection of positive and negative poles, avoid reverse connection and overload.

The main parameters of NTC power thermistors include: rated power, rated resistance, temperature coefficient, operating temperature range, accuracy, etc. Precautions: 1. Should correctly select rated power and rated resistance according to circuit requirements. 2. The temperature coefficient should match the usage environment to achieve better temperature measurement effect. 3. The operating temperature range should meet the usage requirements of the resistor to prevent damage due to excessively high or low temperatures. 4. Protective measures should be noted to avoid influence from external factors such as moisture and contamination. 5. During use, excessive vibration and impact should be avoided to prevent damage to the resistor element.

ZnO varistors are commonly used electronic components for protecting electronic equipment from excessive voltage effects. Their main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage: The maximum voltage value that the ZnO varistor can withstand under standard working conditions. 2. Rated power: The maximum power value that the ZnO varistor can withstand under standard working conditions. 3. Resistance value: The resistance value of the ZnO varistor, which may vary under different working conditions. 4. Capacitance: The capacitance of the ZnO varistor, usually smaller than that of resistors with equivalent parameters. 5. Response time: The reaction time of the ZnO varistor when encountering overvoltage. When using ZnO varistors, the following points should be noted: 1. Must select ZnO varistors that meet design requirements to ensure their normal operation and protect the stability of the equipment. 2. Select ZnO varistors with correct rated voltage and power to avoid overvoltage and electrical power exceeding device tolerance. 3. During use, avoid applying excessive peak voltage to ZnO varistors to prevent damage to the device. 4. Strictly select and install ZnO varistors according to usage site requirements, avoid excessive vibration or mechanical damage. 5. Safely store and use ZnO varistors to prevent them from encountering mechanical or chemical damage. 6. Do not touch the pins or surface of varistors with hands to avoid electrical hazards or damage to the device.

MOSFET, full name Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, is one of the commonly used power semiconductor devices. Its main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage (VDS): The maximum withstand voltage of the MOSFET. 2. Maximum current (ID): The maximum current capacity of the MOSFET. 3. On-resistance (RDS(on)): The resistance when the MOSFET is switched on. 4. Gate voltage (VGS): The gate voltage of the MOSFET, controlling its conductivity change. 5. Threshold voltage (Vth): The gate voltage at which the MOSFET becomes effective. 6. Symbol temperature coefficient (VT): The degree of change of MOSFET gate voltage with temperature, often used to measure the temperature stability of the device. When using MOSFETs, the following points should be noted: 1. Select MOSFETs with appropriate specifications and parameters to ensure their normal operation and long life. 2. Ensure the operating voltage of the MOSFET does not exceed its rated voltage, and try to avoid overvoltage and overcurrent. 3. Properly cool the MOSFET to reduce its temperature, improving reliability and lifespan. 4. Correctly select and design the drive circuit of the MOSFET to ensure normal turn-on and turn-off. 5. Avoid electrostatic discharge or mechanical damage to the MOSFET, as these factors may cause MOSFET damage or failure. 6. Correct use of MOSFET tools and instruments can help you better detect and maintain MOSFETs, ensuring long-term stability and performance of the device.

GDT gas discharge tubes (Gas Discharge Tube) are electrical protection components used to protect electronic equipment. Their main parameters include: 1. Rated voltage: The operating voltage range of the gas discharge tube. 2. Leakage current: The leakage current of the GDT gas discharge tube under a fixed voltage. 3. Strike voltage: The voltage value at which the GDT gas discharge tube starts to discharge electricity. 4. Holding current: The current value during normal operation of the gas discharge tube. 5. Time to protection current and voltage: The reaction time under the protection current and voltage at which the gas discharge tube can ultimately activate. When using GDT gas discharge tubes, the following points should be noted: 1. The selected GDT gas discharge tube must meet design requirements and not exceed its maximum rated voltage and current. 2. Gas discharge tubes are usually installed at the entrance of the circuit needing protection to provide optimal circuit protection. 3. After the GDT gas discharge tube discharges electricity, its internal capacitor will discharge, forming instantaneous high voltage. Therefore, ground wires and guiding wires should be well maintained, and direct contact should be avoided. 4. Do not arbitrarily change the parameters of the gas discharge tube or perform disassembly and repair to avoid electrical hazards. 5. Correct selection and use of GDT gas discharge tubes can greatly improve the voltage withstand level of electronic products, reduce circuit failures, and extend the service life of electronic products.

The main parameters of TSS thyristors (Transient Voltage Suppressor SCR) include: 1. Maximum peak voltage (VDRM): The maximum periodic repetitive peak voltage that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 2. Maximum controllable current (ITSM): The maximum instantaneous controllable current that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 3. Peak pulse current (IH): The instantaneous pulse current that the TSS thyristor can withstand. 4. Operating temperature range: The temperature range in which the TSS thyristor can operate stably. 5. Trigger current (ITH): The trigger current that needs to be provided to start the conduction of the TSS thyristor controlled thyristor circuit. When using TSS thyristors, the following points should be noted: 1. The TSS thyristor used must meet design requirements and not exceed its maximum rated voltage and current. 2. For the trigger circuit of TSS thyristors, power supply noise and interference must be fully considered. 3. TSS thyristors generate heat during heating, especially when used in high-temperature environments, heat dissipation should be paid more attention. 4. TSS thyristors need to be purchased through formal channels to ensure their quality and reliability. 5. When installing and operating TSS thyristors, relevant safety regulations must be followed.
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ESD protection diodes may fail during use. Common failure modes mainly include the following: 1. Suppression circuit failure: When ESD protection diodes are excessively activated or activated too quickly, it may lead to suppression circuit failure, thus unable to protect the protected components from electrostatic discharge effects. 2. Open circuit: ESD protection diodes may fail due to excessive activation or too rapid activation, leading to an open circuit state, at which point they will have no effect on the protected components. 3. Short circuit: Some ESD protection diodes may short circuit when failing, which will cause unnecessary burden on the protected components. When using ESD protection diodes, the following should be noted: 1. Ensure the usage limits of ESD protection diodes are not exceeded, including maximum voltage, maximum current, and operating temperature. 2. Should be used according to correct pin layout, soldering, and mechanical installation guidelines to ensure stability and reliability. 3. When ESD protection diodes fail, they must be replaced immediately to maintain protective effect.

According to different voltage levels and power sizes, TVS transient suppression diodes can be classified into multiple categories. Here are some common classification methods: 1. According to working voltage level: Can be divided into low voltage (3kV) three categories. 2. According to rated power: Can be divided into low power (30W) three categories. 3. According to package type: Can be divided into different package forms such as SMD, DO-214AB, DO-15, etc. 4. According to trigger voltage: Can be divided into unidirectional and bidirectional, with bidirectional TVS diodes further divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical. 5. According to application field: Can be divided into different application scenarios such as consumer electronics, communication, automotive electronics, etc. The above classification methods are only one common classification method; actually, there are other classification methods, such as classification according to operating temperature range, reverse leakage current level, etc. The purpose of classification is to facilitate selection and application of different types of TVS transient suppression diodes to meet different needs.

SPD (Surge Protective Device) electronic lightning protection module is an electronic protective device that can prevent overvoltage/overcurrent damage to electronic equipment. It can effectively protect electronic equipment from lightning strikes, grid overvoltage, static electricity, and electromagnetic interference. General usage methods are as follows: 1. According to the voltage level and usage environment of the equipment, select the corresponding SPD electronic lightning protection module. 2. Install the SPD electronic lightning protection module on the power or signal lines of the electronic equipment, using parallel, series, or mixed connection methods. 3. During installation, pay attention to correct wiring methods and sequence. 4. Test the protection function of the SPD electronic lightning protection module, which can be determined through voltage testing or overcurrent testing. 5. According to equipment service life and usage environment, regularly inspect and maintain the SPD electronic lightning protection module to ensure its normal operation.